CPU - Central Processing Unit: comprises of registers, cores, and clock
GPU - Graphics Processing Unit: comprises of a cooler, graphics processing chip, and cooling solutions
RAM - Random Access Memory: used by the CPU for short-term data storage and occasionally by the GPU
HDD - Hard Disk Drive: a magnetic storage drive with a platter, spindle, read/write head, and casing
Motherboard: includes CPU socket, chipset, SATA controller, USB controllers, fan controllers, capacitors, ROM, BIOS, M.2 drive bays, PCIe connectors, RAM slots, and front panel connectors
CPU Cooler: either a traditional heatsink with fans or an AIO cooler (closed loop water cooler)
SSD - Solid State Drive: consists of NAND flash and DRAM
NVMe M.2 SSD - Non-Volatile Memory Express M.2 form factor: consists of NAND flash and DRAM
SATA Cables - Serial AT Attachment cables: includes power cables for SATA drives and data cables connecting drives to SATA connectors on the motherboard
RGB Lighting: addressable lighting for aesthetics, some systems can be interlinked in an ecosystem (e.g., Corsair IQ™)
Thermal Paste: used between the CPU and its cooler to maximize heat transfer; also used in GPUs but is not user-serviceable without voiding the warranty
Screws: used to secure the motherboard, PCIe expansion cards, and drives